TOKSIKOLOGI INDUSTRI LOGAM BERAT PADA PEKERJA INDONESIA: PAPARAN, DAMPAK KESEHATAN, DAN UPAYA PENGENDALIAN
Abstract
Paparan logam berat di lingkungan kerja merupakan faktor utama risiko Penyakit Akibat Kerja (PAK) pada sektor industri formal maupun informal di Indonesia. Review literatur ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis jalur paparan, dampak kesehatan, analisis risiko, serta strategi pengendalian toksikologi industri pada pekerja batik dan bengkel pengelasan/otomotif. Metode penelitian menggunakan narrative literature review dengan mengevaluasi secara kritis artikel ilmiah terpilih dalam rentang waktu 2022–2026. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa perajin batik terpapar polilogam berat (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Al) dari pewarna sintetis melalui jalur ganda (dermal dan inhalasi). Sementara itu, pekerja pengelasan terpapar partikulat uap logam (Cr, Mn, Fe) secara dominan melalui jalur inhalasi dengan tingkat risiko non-karsinogenik mangan yang sangat kritis (HQ > 1). Dampak toksisitas kronis bermanifestasi pada gangguan sistem pernapasan dan hambatan biosintesis heme yang ditandai dengan biomarker penurunan hemoglobin/hematokrit serta peningkatan ekskresi asam delta-aminolevulinat urin (u-ALA). Pengendalian risiko memerlukan pendekatan komprehensif berbasis hierarki kontrol, meliputi pemasangan ventilasi lokal (fume extractor), pengaturan area kerja terbuka (outdoor), personal higiene, penggunaan APD respiratorik/dermal spesifik, serta surveilans kesehatan berkala. Heavy metal exposure in the workplace is a primary risk factor for occupational diseases in both formal and informal industrial sectors in Indonesia. This literature review aims to analyze exposure routes, health impacts, risk assessments, and industrial toxicology control strategies among batik artisans and welding/automotive workshop workers. The research method applied is a narrative literature review, critically evaluating selected scientific articles published between 2022 and 2026. The findings indicate that batik artisans are exposed to multiple heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Al) from synthetic dyes via dual routes (dermal and inhalation). Meanwhile, welding workers are predominantly exposed to metal fume particulates (Cr, Mn, Fe) through inhalation, with a critical non-carcinogenic risk level for manganese (HQ > 1). Chronic toxicity impacts manifest as respiratory disorders and the inhibition of heme biosynthesis, characterized by biomarkers such as decreased hemoglobin/hematocrit levels and elevated urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (u-ALA) excretion. Risk mitigation requires a comprehensive approach based on the hierarchy of controls, including the installation of local exhaust ventilation (fume extractors), outdoor workplace design, personal hygiene practices, specific respiratory/dermal PPE compliance, and regular health surveillance.Keywords
Toksikologi Industri, Logam Berat, Pekerja Batik, Bengkel Las, Biomarker, Industrial Toxicology, Heavy Metals, Batik Workers, Welding Workshop, Biomarkers
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