Kegagalan proyek pengembangan perangkat lunak sering kali berakar pada manajemen kebutuhan yang buruk serta spesifikasi sistem yang rentan terhadap ambiguitas. Kesenjangan pemahaman antara pemangku kepentingan bisnis dan tim pengembang teknis dapat memicu pengerjaan ulang (rework), pembengkakan biaya, hingga kegagalan peluncuran sistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi peran Functional Specification Document (FSD) dalam menjembatani kesenjangan tersebut melalui metode tinjauan literatur (literature review). Dengan mengkaji berbagai literatur dari basis data akademik, penelitian ini menganalisis fungsi utama FSD, manfaatnya dalam menekan rework, kontribusinya pada tahapan Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), serta tantangan implementasinya di industri. Hasil sintesis literatur menunjukkan bahwa FSD berfungsi krusial sebagai sumber kebenaran tunggal (Single Source of Truth) yang mengikat, secara efektif mencegah pembengkakan ruang lingkup (scope creep), dan memberikan landasan absolut bagi fase desain arsitektur serta pengujian Quality Assurance (QA). Meskipun demikian, penerapan FSD di lapangan masih dihadapkan pada tantangan besar, yaitu ambiguitas akibat penggunaan bahasa alami dan kesulitan sinkronisasi pemeliharaan dokumen dalam kerangka kerja Agile. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa untuk mengoptimalkan peran vital FSD di era pengembangan adaptif, organisasi perlu beralih pada konsep living documentation dan disarankan untuk mengintegrasikan teknologi Natural Language Processing (NLP) guna mendeteksi kecacatan spesifikasi secara otomatis
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